Patient derived orthotopic xenografts (PDOX) mouse models grow & metastasize similar to the patient, in contrast to subcutaneous tumor-transplant models known as PDX. PDOX models are the most clinically-relevant mouse models of cancer. PDOX models allow the individualized testing of anti-tumor and anti-metastatic agents for precision treatment of cancer patients. PDOX models also predict the metastatic behavior of the patient and therefore, PDOX models are ideal for individualized treatment for all cancer patients undergoing surgery or biopsy.